NAD+
A coenzyme essential to cellular energy production, DNA repair, and sirtuin activation.
Mechanism of Action
Mitochondrial support compound promoting cellular energy and longevity markers.
Evidence Chain
NAD+
COMPOUND
1 Research Goal
• Anti-Aging & Longevity
Evidence Strength
8 articles sourced
Knowledge Graph
(9 connections)Research Evidence
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Overview
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a critical coenzyme found in all living cells, essential for cellular energy production, DNA repair, and the regulation of cellular aging processes. While not a peptide, NAD+ is included in research contexts alongside longevity peptides due to its fundamental role in cellular metabolism and aging biology. NAD+ levels decline with age by up to 50% by middle age, making supplementation a major focus of longevity research.
Mechanism of Action
NAD+ functions as an electron carrier in redox reactions, particularly in the mitochondrial electron transport chain where it facilitates ATP production. Beyond its metabolic role, NAD+ serves as a substrate for sirtuins (SIRT1-7), a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylase enzymes that regulate cellular processes including DNA repair, inflammation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and stress resistance. NAD+ is also consumed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) for DNA repair and by CD38 for calcium signaling. The decline in NAD+ with age impairs these critical cellular functions.
Research Highlights
Research has demonstrated that NAD+ supplementation (via precursors like NMN and NR) can restore NAD+ levels in aged animals, improving mitochondrial function, enhancing DNA repair, and extending lifespan in some models. Studies have shown improvements in insulin sensitivity, exercise capacity, and markers of cardiovascular health. Clinical trials in humans have explored NAD+ precursors for metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, and age-related decline. Direct NAD+ administration (intravenous or subcutaneous) has been studied for rapid restoration of cellular NAD+ levels.
Dosage & Administration
In research, NAD+ has been administered via intravenous infusion (50-1000 mg), subcutaneous injection, and oral precursors (NMN, NR at 250-1000 mg daily). Direct NAD+ injection protocols vary widely. For research use only (RUO).
Safety Profile
NAD+ and its precursors have demonstrated favorable safety profiles in clinical trials. Intravenous NAD+ may cause transient flushing, nausea, and phlebitis at the infusion site. Oral precursors (NMN, NR) are generally well-tolerated. Long-term safety data for direct NAD+ injection is limited. Not approved by the FDA for any specific indication (NR has GRAS status).
References
Imai SI, et al. NAD+ and sirtuins in aging. Trends Cell Biol. 2014. Verdin E. NAD+ in aging. Science. 2015. Tarantini S, et al. NMN and neurovascular function. Redox Biol. 2019. All content is for educational and research purposes only.
Related Compounds
Synergy & Compatibility
(5)Computational assessment of bio-regulatory compatibility with compounds sharing research goals. Scores reflect half-life alignment, receptor target overlap, and bioavailability data.
Computational assessment based on available pharmacology data. Does not account for individual variability, dose-dependent effects, or unstudied interactions. For research use only.
Community Observations
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For research use only. Not medical advice.