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Ligandrol (LGD-4033), also known as VK5211, is a potent, non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) developed for the treatment of conditions characterized by muscle wasting and osteoporosis. As a SARM, it is designed to exert anabolic effects on skeletal muscle and bone while minimi

**Class:** SARM (Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator)

Clomiphene citrate (CC) is a non-steroidal triphenylethylene derivative classified as a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM). Originally developed for the induction of ovulation in women with anovulatory infertility, it has become a cornerstone of reproductive medicine. CC operates as a race

Tamoxifen citrate is a non-steroidal triphenylethylene derivative and the prototypic Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM). Originally developed as a contraceptive, it has become a cornerstone in the treatment and prophylaxis of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Tamoxifen exhibi

Oxandrolone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-2-oxa-5α-androstan-3-one) is a synthetic oral anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) derived from dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Characterized by a unique substitution of an oxygen atom for the carbon at the C-2 position in the A-ring, oxandrolone exhibits a high anabolic-

Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is a long-acting injectable ester of the anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) nandrolone (19-nortestosterone). Characterized by a high anabolic-to-androgenic ratio, ND has been utilized clinically for decades to treat conditions involving protein catabolism, bone density loss,

Testosterone enanthate (TE) is a long-acting esterified formulation of the primary endogenous androgen, testosterone. Since its clinical introduction in the 1950s, it has served as a cornerstone for testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in male hypogonadism and a reference compound in clinical rese

Toremifene citrate is a chlorinated triphenylethylene derivative and a second-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Structurally analogous to tamoxifen, toremifene was developed to maintain the therapeutic efficacy of ER-antagonism in breast tissue while potentially improving the

Raloxifene is a second-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) of the benzothiophene class. Developed to address the limitations of first-generation SERMs like tamoxifen, raloxifene exhibits distinct tissue-specific effects: it acts as an estrogen receptor (ER) agonist in bone and li

Methenolone enanthate is a long-acting injectable anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) derived from dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Characterized by a 1-methyl modification and a 2-oxo group, it exhibits a high anabolic-to-androgenic ratio and is notable for its inability to aromatize into estrogen. Origina

Stanozolol is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) derived from dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Characterized by a high anabolic-to-androgenic ratio, it is clinically distinguished by its pyrazole ring modification and 17α-alkylation. Originally developed for the treatment of hereditary angioede

Survodutide is a dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist in clinical development by Boehringer Ingelheim for obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). This review summarizes the clinical evidence.

CagriSema combines cagrilintide (a long-acting amylin analogue) with semaglutide (a GLP-1 receptor agonist) for the treatment of obesity. The REDEFINE clinical development program evaluates the additive weight-loss effects of co-administering amylin and incretin pathway agonism.

Survey of GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor research for metabolic signaling and incretin physiology.

Survey of telomerase and mitochondrial peptide research in aging and senescence pathways.

YK-11 (17α,20E)-17,20-[(1-methoxyethylidene)bis(oxy)]-3-oxo-19-norpregna-4,20-diene-21-carboxylic acid methyl ester is a synthetic compound classified as a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM). Unlike traditional non-steroidal SARMs such as Ostarine or Ligandrol, YK-11 possesses a steroidal

Testolone (RAD-140) is a potent, non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) originally developed by Radius Health, Inc. It was designed to overcome the limitations of conventional androgen therapy, such as prostate enlargement and virilization, by exhibiting high tissue selectivity.

Cardarine (GW-501516) is a synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) agonist originally developed through a collaboration between Ligand Pharmaceuticals and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for the treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Although frequently categorized as a

Andarine (also known as S-4 or GTx-007) is an early-generation, nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) belonging to the aryl propionamide class. Developed initially for the treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting and osteoporosis, Andarine demonstrates high affinity for the

Drostanolone propionate (2α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one propionate) is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) derived from dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Originally developed for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women, it is characterized by its inability to aromatiz

Boldenone undecylenate, a synthetic derivative of testosterone originally developed for veterinary use, is a long-acting injectable anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS). Characterized by a double bond between the C1 and C2 positions, the compound exhibits a favorable ratio of anabolic to androgenic act

Trenbolone acetate (TBA) is a potent synthetic 19-nortestosterone derivative classified as an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS). Originally developed for veterinary applications—specifically to increase muscle mass and feed efficiency in beef cattle—TBA has become a focal point of pharmacological in

Adalank is a synthetic analog of the anxiolytic peptide Selank incorporating an adamantane moiety. This review outlines the pharmacological rationale and preclinical evidence from the Selank peptide class that informs its development.

A systematic review of metabolic peptide synergy, examining how dual and triple receptor agonists interact within the incretin pathway.